Whenua: Mongolia
Momo Kiritaki: Wāhi whāngai kau me hipi rahi-waenga (8,500 kau upoko, 12,000 hipi, mahi mai i te wāhi whāngai ki te mutunga)
Momo Whāngai: Ngā pirepire whāngai katoa mō ngā ruminans (he mea hanga mai i te parei-paraoa witi-tarutaru-paraoa rēpīhi)
Taputapu: Mira pere mate mowhiti Hongyang HYPM-508 me te whakangawari paparua-rua, mira hama SFSP, mīhini whakaranu hoe rua-poro, whakamatao rere-whakahē
Putanga Whāngai ā-Tau: 22,000 tāne
Hua Matua: I piki ake te PDI mai i te 86.2% ki te 94.6%; i piki ake te taumaha o ia rā i te takurua mā te 15% (mai i te 0.72 ki te 0.83 kg/rā mō ngā kau); tata ki te MNT 87 miriona te penapena utu whāngai ā-tau.
Papamuri
Ko te rāngai kararehe o Mongolia te pou tuarā o te ōhanga ā-motu, me te kahui e eke ana ki te 64.7 miriona upoko i te tau 2023, e whakahaerehia ana mā te whāngai kararehe tuku iho puta noa i te 112 miriona heketea o te whenua whāngai kararehe o te whenua. Heoi, kei te tūtaki tēnei pūnaha whānui ki ngā pēhanga hanganga e piki haere ana. I tautuhia e te Asian Development Bank te whāngai kararehe nui rawa me te huringa āhuarangi hei take matua o te hekenga o te whāngai kararehe, me te kī ko ngā reiti whakatipu kararehe he nui ake i te kaha kawe puta noa i ngā rohe katoa - mai i te 106% i te hauauru ki te 2,672% kāore e taea te pupuri i te ara o Ulaanbaatar. I whakaahuahia e te pūrongo ADB te rāngai kararehe o Mongolia e whakahaerehia ana i raro i te tauira "kaiwhakamahi me te kaitiaki" kaua ki te pūnaha "kaihanga me te kaiwhakatupu", me te whakaaro o ngā kaiawhina kararehe ki te maha o ngā kararehe hei momo penapena kaua ki te arotahi ki te hua mō ia upoko.
Ko te āhuatanga "dzud" — ngā hotoke kino i muri i ngā raumati maroke, e tohuhia ana e te hukarere hohonu, te taupoki hukapapa, me te pāmahana e heke ana i raro i te -40°C — kua piki haere te maha i raro i te huringa āhuarangi. I waenganui i te tau 2000 me te 2023, e ono ngā huihuinga nui o te dzud i pā ki Mongolia. Ko te hotoke o te tau 2023-2024 anake i puta ai te mate o ngā kararehe neke atu i te 5.9 miriona upoko, i roto i ngā kararehe i uru ki te hotoke me te āhua kino o te tinana nā te korenga o te whāngai tāpiri. Ko te rautaki whanaketanga Vision 2050 a Mongolia e whakaatu ana i te nekehanga "mai i te rahinga kararehe katoa ki te hua whānui," me te Wāhanga 1 (2021-2030) e aro ana ki te whakaputanga whāngai hou hei pou turanga.
I kitea e te whakahaere whāngai kararehe rahi-waenga i te Porowini o Töv, tata ki te 120 kiromita ki te tonga-māuru o Ulaanbaatar, te tere o tēnei whakawhiti. I pupuri te whakahaere i te 8,500 kau mīti me te 12,000 hipi i runga i te tauira whāngai-whakaoti ngātahi, e kohia ana te tarutaru mai i te 170,000 heketea o te tarutaru hotoke kua tohaina. Whai muri i te ngaronga o te dzud i waenga i te tau 2023-2024, ka whakatau te rōpū whakahaere kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki ki te tāpiringa tarutaru hotoke anake. I whai rātou ki te whakatū i tētahi whare whakapūtanga whāngai matū i runga i te papaanga ka taea te mahi pono i te hotoke o Mongolia, i te wā e heke ana te pāmahana taiao ki te -30°C, ā, i ētahi wā ka eke ki te -40°C.
Te Wero
I mua, i whāngai kau i te ngahere i te takurua ki te tarutaru taketake me te parei me te witi, i tohatohahia ā-ringa kia rua ngā wā i te rā mā te whakamahi i ngā whāngai e tōia ana e te tarakihana. E toru ngā raruraru e hono ana i ārahi i te whakatau ki te haumi ki te mahi pelleting:
Te whakahekenga taumaha o te wā. E whakaatu ana ngā rēkoata ā-roto mai i te takurua 2022-2023 me te 2023-2024 i te whakahekenga taumaha toharite o te 180-220 karamu ia upoko i te rā i roto i te wā makariri e rima marama (Whiringa-ā-rangi ki Poutū-te-rangi). Ko ngā kau e tomo ana ki te takurua me te taumaha 380-420 kg i te nuinga o te wā ka puta mai i te marama o Āperira me te taumaha 340-370 kg — he whakahekenga kupenga o te 40-50 kg mō ia kararehe e tohu ana i te MNT 320,000-400,000 i roto i te uara mākete kua ngaro mō ia upoko i ngā utu mīti kau o nāianei.
Te moumou kai. Ko te whāngai i te tarutaru me te witi i raro i ngā āhuatanga hau nui, e ai ki te whakatau tata, ko te auau moumou kai he 25-30%, i te mea ka pupuhi ngā matūriki māmā i ngā papa whāngai i mua i te kai. Ko ngā hipi i tino pāngia, me ngā pata parei pai i ngaro ki te hukarere, ā, kāore i taea e te kahui te uru atu.
Te kounga o te whāngai tāpiri kāore i te ōrite. I whakamātauhia e te whakahaere te hoko whāngai matū mai i tētahi mira tata ki Ulaanbaatar i te takurua o te tau 2023, engari he koretake te roa o te mau o ngā pire. I whakaatuhia e te tātari taiwhanga o ngā wāhi i hokona ko ngā uara o te Pellet Durability Index (PDI) e rerekē ana i waenga i te 83% me te 88%. Ko te kawe i runga i te 120 kiromita o ngā rori kirikiri me te whariki - me te pāmahana hukapapa i pakaru ai ngā pire kāore i te pai te āhua - ko te tikanga ko ngā utu i te papa whāngai i neke atu i te 18% te taumaha i te taenga mai.
I tuhia e te tīma kararehe tētahi tauira e pūmau ana: ko ngā kau he nui ake te kai matūriki pai i whakaatuhia he pikinga ake o te mate waikawa ruminal, i puta pea i te tere o te whakapūkara o ngā matūriki warowaihā pai me te karo i te ruming noa. I hangai tēnei kitenga ki ngā rangahau kai ruminant kua whakapumautia e whakaatu ana ko te pono o te pellet he pānga tika ki te hauora o te rumen i roto i ngā kau whāngai kararehe.
Rongoa a Hongyang
I te marama o Ākuhata 2025, i tukuna, i whakahaua hoki e Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. tētahi raina pelleting katoa e arotahi ana ki te mira pellet ring die HYPM-508, e whai ake nei te whirihoranga:
Mira Pellet: HYPM-508, motuka matua 132 kW, diameter roto o te mowhiti mate 508 mm
Mowhiti Mate: Kowiri tira X46Cr13, whakapakeketia ki te HRC 54-56, diameter kōhao 6.0 mm, ōwehenga kōpeketanga 1:8.5
Pūnaha Whakamātao: He whakamātao paparua-rua kua whakaroahia me te whakamarumaru koti mamaoa (te wā pupuri 55-70 hēkona, te whāinga pāmahana kuru 75-80°C i te tomokanga mate)
Taputapu Āwhina: Mira hama Hongyang SFSP (90 kW, mata 3.0 mm), mīhini whakaranu hoe rua-poro (1,000 kg/puranga), pouaka whakamatao rere-whakamuri me te urunga hau whakamahana
Te Whakaputa Hoahoa: 4.0-4.5 tāne/haora mō te whāngai katoa o ngā ruminans
E toru ngā whakataunga hangarau i kitea he mea nui mō te angitu o te mahi hotoke:
Hoahoa whakamahana āhuarangi makariri. Ko te tikanga o te hotoke o Mongolia ka taea e te witi e rongoa ana i roto i ngā silo kāore i whakamahana te eke ki te -25°C, ki raro iho rānei i te wā whāngai. Kāore e taea e ngā whakamahana paparanga kotahi paerewa me te pupuri 20-30 hēkona te kawe i te penupenu tio ki te pāmahana gelatinization. I tohua e te tīma hangarau a Hongyang he whakamahana paparanga rua kua roa ake me te wā pupuri whai hua o te 55-70 hēkona me te werohanga mamaoa i te 5.0 pae — he teitei ake i te pae 3.5-4.0 e whakamahia ana i ngā āhuarangi mahana. I takaihia te koti whakamahana ki te whakamarumaru huruhuru kohuke 50 mm, ā, i hipokina ki te maitai konukōre hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera. I roto i ngā whakamātautau whakatūnga i te taiao -28°C, i tutuki tonu i te pūnaha ngā pāmahana penupenu o te 75-80°C i te tomokanga o te mate, ka taea ai te tere gelatinization māngaro o te 35-38% e ai ki ngā whakamātautau tae iodine.
Te arotau i te ōwehenga pēhitanga o te mowhiti mate mō ngā kai ruminan. Ko te hanganga whāngai o te mahi - 35% parei, 20% pāreti witi, 25% tarutaru taketake (hurihia ki te 3.0 mm), 15% paraoa rēpī, 5% ranunga kohuke-huaora - he uaua te hanga pellet. Ko te nui o te muka mai i te tarutaru me te pāreti ka whakaiti i te herenga taiao, ko te huri matotoru e pai ana ki te kai ruminan (1.5-2.5 mm) ka whakarato i te iti ake o te horahanga mata mō te whakakorikori māngaro ki te whakataurite ki ngā kai heihei huri pai. I whakahaerehia e te tīma tono a Hongyang he whakamātautau e whā rā te roa i runga i te papaanga me te hanganga hotoke tuturu, me te whakamātautau i ngā ōwehenga pēhitanga o te 1:7, 1:8.5, me te 1:10. Ko te ōwehenga 1:8.5 — mā te whakamahi i te mate 6.0 mm me te roa kōpeketanga whai hua o te 51 mm — i puta te taurite tino pai: PDI o te 94.6% (tikanga Holmen, i whakamatautauria i muri i te hukapapa 24-hāora i te -30°C hei whakatauira i ngā āhuatanga kawe hotoke) me te whakapaunga pūngao motuhake o te 22.4 kWh/tana i te motuka mira pellet. Nā te ōwehenga 1:10 i piki ake te PDI ki te 95.8% engari i piki ake te pūngao motuhake ki te 27.1 kWh/tana, he pikinga 21% kāore i taea e te hanganga utu hiko diesel-generator o te mahi te mimiti. Nā te ōwehenga 1:7 i puta te PDI o te 89.3% anake, i raro iho i te whāinga iti rawa 90% o te mahi.
Te tukanga whakamahana mua i ngā mate huka-ātete. I mua i ia huringa whakaputa hotoke, i whakamahanahia ngā mate mowhiti me ngā roera mā te whakahaere i te mira me te kore kawenga me te mamaoa e rere ana i roto i te whakamahana mō te 25-30 meneti, me te whakanui ake i te pāmahana o te mate ki te 28-32°C i mua i te whakaurunga tuatahi o te mash. Nā tēnei tukanga — i tuhia ki roto i tētahi tikanga whakahaere paerewa (SOP) reo Mongolian i whakawhanakehia ngātahitia e ngā miihini o Hongyang me te tīma tiaki o te wāhi whāngai kararehe — i whakakore i ngā kaupapa aukati mate tīmatanga-makariri i tautuhia he mōrearea i te wā arotake hoahoa.
Ngā Hua
I muri i te tekau mā rua marama o te mahi, tae atu ki te huringa hotoke katoa (Whiringa-ā-rangi 2025 ki Maehe 2026), i tuhia e ngā pūkete whakaputanga ā-roto me ngā pūkete kararehe o te wāhi whāngai kararehe ngā mea e whai ake nei:
Inenga i mua i te Hongyang (Hōtoke 2023-2024) i muri i te Hongyang (Hōtoke 2025-2026) Huringa
— — — —
Taupū Pakeke o te Pīreti (PDI) 86.2% (kai i hokona) 94.6% (i te papaanga) +8.4 ngā tohu
Ngā whiu whāngai i te moenga 18.3% 5.1% -13.2 ngā tohu
Te pikinga o ia rā mō ngā kau i te takurua -0.18 kg/rā (te ngaronga) +0.83 kg/rā (te pikinga) +1.01 kg/rā kupenga
Te pikinga hipi i ia rā i te takurua -0.06 kg/rā (te ngaronga) +0.19 kg/rā (te pikinga) +0.25 kg/rā kupenga
Te auau moumou whāngai 27% 6% -21 ngā tohu
Pūngao motuhake o te mira pire — 22.4 kWh/tēne —
Te roa o te putanga o te mowhiti mate — 7,200 tāne (kei te haere tonu) —
Te utu whāngai ā-tau (22,000 tāra) MNT 3.41 piriona MNT 3.32 piriona -MNT 87 miriona
Ko te whakawhiti mai i te whakaheke taumaha o te takurua ki te whakanui taumaha o te takurua te hua tino nui o te ōhanga. Mō ngā kau anake, ko te nekehanga mai i te ngaronga o te 0.18 kg/rā ki te whiwhi 0.83 kg/rā i roto i ngā rā takurua 150 e tohu ana i te whakapainga kupenga o te 151 kg ia upoko — he rite ki te taumaha hokohoko tāpiri e uara ana ki te MNT 1.2 miriona mō ia kararehe i ngā utu mīti kau rarawe o Paenga-whāwhā 2026. Mō ngā kau 8,500, ko te pikinga moni whiwhi ā-tau e matapaetia ana he nui ake i te MNT 10 piriona.
Ko te whakaiti i te moumou kai mai i te 27% ki te 6% — he whakapainga 21-ōrau — e whai wāhi nui ana ki te penapena utu kai ā-tau MNT 87 miriona. Nā te momo pirepire i whakakore te raruraru ngaronga hau i pā ki te tarutaru me te witi e whāngai ana i te whenua tuwhera, ā, nā te whakapainga o te pakari i noho tonu ngā pirepire mā te tohatoha miihini me ngā tikanga tio.
I oti i te mowhiti te whakaputa i te 7,200 tana o te mahi i te marama o Hune 2026, ā, i noho tonu ki te mahi, me ngā inenga kakahu poka i ngā tirotiro ā-marama e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira kakahu ōrite i roto i te paepae whakakapinga e matapaetia ana e Hongyang o te 8,500-9,000 tana — e rite ana ki te mahi i tuhia i roto i te take tohutoro āhuarangi makariri o Estonia a te kamupene.
Urupare a te Kaihoko
I roto i tētahi arotake o Hune 2026, i whakaaroaro a Batbayar Ganbold, te kaiwhakahaere whakahaere o te wāhi whāngai kararehe, mō te kaupapa:
"I whakaarohia e mātou ngā taputapu mai i ngā kaiwhakarato Hainamana, Pākehā, me Rūhia. I toa a Hongyang i runga i te whakaritenga hangarau. I pau te wiki i a rātou e ngā kaihangarau i mua i te hainatanga o te kirimana, e ine ana i te nui o te makuku o te parei, e whakamātautau ana i ngā āhuatanga o te huri tarutaru, e tātari ana hoki i ā mātou rekoata pāmahana hotoke mai i ngā tau e rima kua hipa. I hoki mai rātou me te ōwehenga kōpeketanga o te mowhiti mate me te whakaritenga whakatikatika i tatauhia mō ā mātou rauemi mata me tō mātou āhuarangi - ehara i te taunakitanga o te rarangi pukapuka. Kāore he kaiwhakarato kē atu i mahi i taua taumata mahi kāinga."
I kī a Ganbold kua heke te reiti mate o te wāhi whāngai kararehe i te takurua — i eke ki te 6.2% i te wā o te 2023-2024 — ki te 1.7% i te tau 2025-2026, ā, ko tāna i kī ai ko ngā kararehe i uru mai ki te whāngai katoa i roto i te pellet, ā, i pai ake te āhua o ō rātou tinana. I tāpiri atu ia kua whakawhānui ake te kaha o te wāhi whāngai kararehe ki te whakaoti i te 2,000 upoko, ā, i tūtohu ia i a Hongyang ki tētahi atu mahi tata i te Porowini o Selenge e pāngia ana e ngā wero whāngai hotoke rite tonu.
Whakamutunga
E whakaatu ana te take o te Porowini o Töv ka taea e te whakamahi i te pellet whāngai matū me te hangarau mowhiti mate kua hangaia tika te huri i te whakahaere kararehe hotoke i roto i te āhuarangi whenua tino kino o Mongolia. I tukuna e te HYPM-508 a Hongyang ngā pellet whāngai ruminantia pumau, roa hoki i roto i ngā marama hotoke e ono karapīpiti me te pāmahana taiao e eke ana ki te -35°C, ka taea ai e te mahi te huri i te whakahekenga taumaha ā-wā ki te pikinga taumaha pumau. Ko ngā pou hangarau e toru o te angitu - te whakatikatika roa mō ngā rauemi mata tio, te taurite ōwehenga kōpeketanga tika mō ngā kai ruminantia muka-nui, me ngā tikanga whakahaere ātete-tio - e whakarato ana i tētahi tohutoro ka taea te tāruarua mō te whakahoutanga whānui o te rāngai whāngai o Mongolia i raro i te Vision 2050.
E whakaatu ana hoki tēnei take i tētahi akoranga whānui mō te hoko taputapu whāngai kararehe i roto i ngā ōhanga kararehe e whakawhanake ana: ko te uara o te hangarau tono he nui ake i ngā whakaritenga rarangi. I te tipu haere o te mākete whāngai matū o Mongolia — e matapaetia ana e 6Wresearch ka whānui haere te rāngai tae noa ki te tau 2031, e akiakihia ana e ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga mō te whakanui ake i te whakaputa — ko ngā kaiwhakarato taputapu e haumi ana ki te tātaritanga whakatakotoranga i runga i te papaanga me te hangarau motuhake ki te āhuarangi ka noho pai ki te tautoko i te whakawhiti o te whenua mai i te whāngai whānui ki ngā pūnaha whāngai kararehe whai hua, pakari.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-27-2026
